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| HowTo Linux Zone | Linux Zone Home | E-Mail Me | VME Howto John Huggins and Michael Wyrick, vmelinux@va.net
v0.8a, 30 July 1998
This document came about to show the embedded system community how to
run Linux on their VMEbus Pentium and other PCI local bus based VMEbus
processor designs.
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Knowledge Required
1.2 Why use Linux on VMEbus systems?
1.3 Purpose
1.4 Feedback
1.5 VMELinux Revision History
1.6 Copyright/Distribution
2. Installation of the VMELinux Kernel Driver
2.1 Download the Source
2.2 Install the source to the software
2.3 Compile the VMELinux components
2.4 Load the VMELinux Kernel Module
2.5 Difficulties
3. How to talk to the VMEbus with the VMEUtils and the VMEShell Packages
3.1 What is the VMEUtils program
3.2 What are the VMEShell Scripts
3.3 The "vmemap" command.
3.4 Read Byte, Word or Long
3.5 Write Byte, Word or Long
3.6 Read the VMEbus to a file
3.7 Write a file to the VMEbus
3.8 Parameters
3.9 Options
3.10 A Note about DMA mode.
4. How to talk to the Tundra Universe PCI-VME bridge using the devices drivers.
4.1 The device drivers used with VMELinux
4.2 VMEMaster Device Drivers
4.3 VMESlave Device Drivers
4.4 Direct Control of the Universe Registers
4.5 read()
4.6 write()
4.7 lseek()
4.8 ioctl()
4.9 open() and close()
5. Advantages of the VMEbus, Linux and VMELinux
5.1 Pin and socket connectors
5.2 Eurocard assembly
5.3 Linux is Low Cost
5.4 Linux is Stable
5.5 Linux is Dynamic
6. Current and planned Board Support
6.1 Xycom XVME655 Pentium VMEbus Board
6.2 XyCom XVME656 Pentium VMEBus Board
6.3 Dynatem DPC1-0367
6.4 Planned Board Support
7. Conclusion
8. FAQ
8.1 The Shell utilities return a bunch of stars (*) when I access a board I know is there. What gives?
8.2 How does VMELinux handle interrupts?
8.3 I have RedHat 5.1 and can't get VMELinux programs to compile.
______________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
1.1. Knowledge Required
Using Linux on an embedded VMEbus processor board is not very
difficult. However, more than fundamental knowledge is required.
This document is not a primer on how to fully configure a Linux
machine.
In order to understand this HOWTO document it is assumed that you are
thoroughly familiar with the following:
· Configuring and compiling a Linux kernel to operate the various
peripherals on your board. Kernel-HOWTO
· Setting up and configuring of network devices NET-3 HOWTO
· Setting up of inetd NET-3 HOWTO
· Setting up and use of the Tundra Universe PCI to VME Bridge Chip
Tundra Universe. The new VMEUtils program makes knowledge of the
Universe unnecessary for those who do not wish to deal with
register level Universe access.
· Compiling and installing various network packages like Apache Site
Wu-Ftpd FAQ
· The VMEbus Rev. D and VME64. Excellent information may be found at
the VMEbus International Trade Association (VITA).
If you are uncertain of how to proceed with any of the above it is
STRONGLY recommended that you use the links provided to familiarize
yourself with all packages. We may not reply to any mail regarding any
of the above. Please direct any questions to the appropriate author
of the HOWTO or consult the respective hardware manufacturer.
This document describes the installation and use of VMELinux on a
Xycom XVME-655 6U VME processor board. Other brands of VME boards that
use a Pentium and the Tundra Universe chip should be capable of
running VMELinux. Please consult the Board Support Section of the
VMELinux web site for tested boards. VMELinux Project Web Site
1.2. Why use Linux on VMEbus systems?
Operating systems for VMEbus computers are usually Real-time Operating
Systems (RTOS) which have high cost and a significant learning curve.
In return the RTOS offers quick response to real world events for
control of machinery or response to a process.
The VMEbus provides a rugged computer enclosure and interconnection
system. Many system integrators require this ruggedness and also need
very fast real-time response. However, there are many times when
there is little need for real-time response, but the software still
needs:
· networking capability,
· remote access via telnet or similar program,
· file transfer via FTP or similar programs,
· remote booting via BOOTP or similar method,
· a way to respond to system interrupts.
Linux has all these capabilities. Thus, the VMELinux Project
exists.
1.3. Purpose
The purpose of VMELinux is to give the VME system integrator another
choice in operating systems. Rich in features, high in reliability and
low in cost, Linux offers benefits to the embedded computer industry.
High cost operating systems economically prohibit the use of VME in
many applications. With Linux and the VMELinux drivers, the rugged
VMEbus has new possibilities.
The purpose of the VMELinux Project is to:
· Maintain and improve the free VMELinux Kernel Driver software,
· Offer added value software components such as the VMEUtils program
and VMEShell utilities.
· Test the software on various makes and brands of manufacturer
supplied VME processor boards,
· Maintain web based documentation on each tested brand and make of
boards,
· Maintain this HOWTO.
· Integrate user suggested and user supplied improvements into the
virgin code so we may all benefit from the programming talents of
others.
· Become the original source for all the above software so VMELinux
users can be assured of original code from the authors.
1.4. Feedback
As VMELinux is tested in the field, we encourage comments about how
well or how bad it works. Please feel free to send comments to The
VMELinux Project
As we get experience about each brand of VME CPU, we will list the
different configurations in this HOWTO. For now we will describe only
the Xycom board.
1.5. VMELinux Revision History
Linux Kernel Driver
· November, 1997, v0.2 - Initial version on Xycom Board
· December, 1997, v0.3 - Useable version used for actual work with
project.
· February, 1998, v0.6 - DMA mode added to VME access modes.
· June, 1998, v0.8 - Fixed a few things to allow the new VMEUtils to
work.
· June 24, 1998, v0.8a - Current version made available on the
website.
VMEUtils Program
· February, 1998, v0.6 - Created a command line interpreter to access
the VMEbus
· June, 1998, v0.8 - Fixed several issues to allow VMEShell Utilities
to function
· June 24, 1998, v0.8a - Current version made available on the
website.
VMEShell Utilities
· June, 1998, v0.8 - Created command line utilities that allow access
to the VMEbus from the Linux shell prompt. These shell programs
interface with the VMEUtils program.
· June 24, 1998, v0.8a - Changed the name of all the shell programs
so they all begin with "vme." Current version made available on
the website.
1.6. Copyright/Distribution
This document is Copyright 1997-1998 by John Huggins and the VMELinux
Project.
A verbatim copy may be reproduced or distributed in any medium
physical or electronic without permission of the author. Translations
are similarly permitted without express permission if it includes a
notice on who translated it. Commercial redistribution is allowed and
encouraged; however please notify The VMELinux Project of any such
distributions.
Excerpts from the document may be used without prior consent provided
that the derivative work contains the verbatim copy or a pointer to a
verbatim copy.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
as many channels as possible. However, we wish to retain copyright on
this HOWTO document, and would like to be notified of any plans to
redistribute this HOWTO.
2. Installation of the VMELinux Kernel Driver
2.1. Download the Source
Download the distribution from the VMELinux Web Site.
2.2. Install the source to the software
Place the file in a directory reserved for VME usage; We suggest
/universe. Untar the zipped/tarred file by typing...
tar -xzf VMELinux_08a.tar.gz
You should see three directories and one link to ca91c042
ca91c042
vmeshell
vmeutils
driver
In ca91c042 you should find:
ca91c042/
ca91c042/Makefile
ca91c042/ca91c042.c
ca91c042/ca91c042.h
ca91c042/README
ca91c042/e
ca91c042/ins
ca91c042/stat
ca91c042/uns
In vmeshell you should find:
vmeshell/vmer
vmeshell/README
vmeshell/vmeseek
vmeshell/cmd.vme
vmeshell/vmew
vmeshell/vmeregw
vmeshell/vmeregr
vmeshell/vmefa
vmeshell/vmecall
vmeshell/e
vmeshell/ec
vmeshell/fa.vme
vmeshell/map.vme
vmeshell/tmp.vme
vmeshell/vmedb
vmeshell/vmedl
vmeshell/vmedw
vmeshell/vmemap
vmeshell/vmerb
vmeshell/vmerf
vmeshell/vmerl
vmeshell/vmerw
vmeshell/vmewb
vmeshell/vmewf
vmeshell/vmewl
vmeshell/vmeww
In the vmeutils directory you should find:
vmeutils/commands.cpp
vmeutils/commands.h
vmeutils/universe.h
vmeutils/Makefile
vmeutils/vmeutils.h
vmeutils/unilib.h
vmeutils/unilib.cpp
vmeutils/vmeutils.cpp
vmeutils/README
2.3. Compile the VMELinux components
Enter the "ca91c042" directory and make the VMELinux device driver
module.
make
Now you must create the several /dev driver files. Type:
make devices
Once made, you should see the file "ca91c042.o" in the directory.
This is a loadable module. See below for loading information. Plus,
you should find several "vme..." files in the /dev directory.
Once the devices are made in the /dev directory you must change their
permissions. Type:
cd /dev
chmod 666 vme*
Here is how the files should look:
hostname:/dev# ls -l vme*
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 70, 8 Jul 30 10:51 vme_ctl
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 70, 0 Jul 30 10:51 vme_m0
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 70, 1 Jul 30 10:51 vme_m1
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 70, 2 Jul 30 10:51 vme_m2
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 70, 3 Jul 30 10:51 vme_m3
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 70, 4 Jul 30 10:51 vme_s0
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 70, 5 Jul 30 10:51 vme_s1
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 70, 6 Jul 30 10:51 vme_s2
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 70, 7 Jul 30 10:51 vme_s3
hostname:/dev#
Change to the "vmeutils" directory and type make there.
make
This will compile the "vmeutils" program. This program directly
speaks to the kernel driver. It is a reference work for those of you
who wish to write your own programs to directly speak with the driver.
Copy the program "vmeutils" to your user binary directory. On our
system this is "/usr/local/bin." Alternatively, you can create a link
in the user bin directory to the "vmeutils" program.
Change to the "vmeshell" directory. There are no files to be compiled
here. These are shell programs that use the "vmeutils" program to
access the VMEbus. All the files beginning with "vme" should with
have a link made or be copied to the "/usr/local/bin" directory.
You are now ready to try the driver.
2.4. Load the VMELinux Kernel Module
Make sure you are root and insert "load" the VMELinux Kernel Module
for the Universe chip by typing...
insmod ca91c042
Or just type "ins" to let the shell script do this for you. Once
complete, type...
stat
You should see a list of registers displayed on your screen. Some­
thing like this...
Universe driver info:
Control Pointer = 0000
Stats reads = 0 writes = 0 ioctls = 0
LSI0_CTL = 00800000 LSI1_CTL = 00800000
LSI0_BS = C0000000 LSI1_BS = 00000000
LSI0_BD = C0010000 LSI1_BD = 00000000
LSI0_TO = 40009000 LSI1_TO = 00000000
LSI2_CTL = 00800000 LSI3_CTL = 00800000
LSI2_BS = 00000000 LSI3_BS = 00000000
LSI2_BD = 00000000 LSI3_BD = 00000000
LSI2_TO = 00000000 LSI3_TO = 00000000
image_va0 = 00000000 image_va1 = 00000000
image_va2 = 00000000 image_va3 = 00000000
Driver Program Status:
DMACTL 0 = 00000000 DMACTL 1 = 00000000
DMACTL 2 = 00000000 DMACTL 3 = 00000000
OkToWrite 0 = 0 OkToWrite 1 = 0
OkToWrite 2 = 0 OkToWrite 3 = 0
Mode 0 = 0 Mode 1 = 0
Mode 2 = 0 Mode 3 = 0
If not, something went wrong.
2.5. Difficulties
The Universe driver does a good job of finding the Universe chip on a
PCI bus, but differences in board design may prevent this. We tested
all our routines on a Xycom XVME-655 board. There is little reason
why this should not work on any other Intel board with a PCI bus and
the Universe PCI-VME bridge chip. If you encounter problems, please
let us know at the The VMELinux Project
3. How to talk to the VMEbus with the VMEUtils and the VMEShell Pack­
ages
3.1. What is the VMEUtils program
This program can be run as is. Once started, you will see a command
prompt. Type ? And you will see a list of commands. While useful, I
think you will find the VMEShell scripts a better way to go. They do
use this program to speak with the kernel driver so it is necessary to
have this program available in the current PATH.
The source code for "vmeutils" is also instruction on how to speak
directly to the kernel driver. For those of you who wish to create
programs that directly speak with the driver, these source files are
good examples.
3.2. What are the VMEShell Scripts
The VMEShell programs are unix shell scripts. They offer the operator
a simple way to access the data on a VMEbus. Using these commands
creates temporary files in the user's working directory which store
information on the last access you did. This is nice because it will
be possible to log off the machine, log back in and proceed from where
you left off without having to re-enter VMEbus information again.
Plus, these files are stored in the current working directory, so you
can have different VME access configuration just by setting up
different directories for each VME board of interest.
Assuming you placed the shell programs and the "vmeutils" program in
the /usr/local/bin directory, you should be able to log in as a
regular user and run them. What follows assumes exactly this.
3.3. The "vmemap" command.
Login as a regular user and create a directory to experiment with.
Once in this directory type:
vmemap
You should get a help screen like this...
Usage: map address count space size type
where address is VME Address to set Universe image to
Space = 0 CR/CSR Space = 1 A16
Space = 2 A24 Space = 3 A32
Size = 1 8 bit Size = 2 16 bit
Size = 3 32 bit Size = 4 64 bit
Type = 0 USR/DATA Type = 1 USR/PRG
Type = 2 SUP/DATA Type = 3 SUP/PRG
This is where you tell VMELinux how you want to access the VMEbus. We
assume you already know about the VMEbus' many modes of operation, but
here is a short list to help you.
· address is the actual VMEbus address you wish to see. This should
be set to the lower most value of the address range of interest.
· count is the number of bytes you consider a valid range to view.
This is the number of bytes starting at the address specified
above.
· space is the addressing space (mode). For those of you who do not
know what we are talking about here, the VMEbus has four
overlapping address spaces that can be called independant of each
other. A16 is a 64 KiloByte space. A24 is a 16 MegaByte space.
A32 is a 4 GigaByte space. There is an A64 space defined the VME
specification, but the Universe does not support it.
· Size refers to the maximum datawidth allowed for the VME board you
are accessing. Some VMEbus board only handle 8 bit data paths.
Others transfer 32 bits (four bytes) at a time. Some can handle a
special VME block mode which can move 64 bits per transaction. The
Universe can handle all these modes allowing you to mix inexpensive
serial port boards with hugh memory arrays.
· Type is the type of VME transaction performed. Some VME boards
make a distinction between "User" access (USR) and "Supervisior"
access (SUP). Also, some boards allow access to two "pages" of
memory: Program (PRG) and Data. The Universe supports all modes.
Typing...
vmemap 0x8000 0x100 1 2 0
sets up the VMELinux driver to access an A16 board at base address
8000 Hex with a range of 100H bytes with 16 bit data width and
USR/DATA mode.
You will find two new files in your current directory.
· fa.vme
· map.vme
fa.vme stores a "fixed adder" value that will be added to all
subsequent accesses with the programs below.
map.vme store the parameters above so you do not have to enter them
every time.
All the following shell utilities read values from these two files to
performs VME accesses.
3.4. Read Byte, Word or Long
Syntax:
· vmerb -[options] address size
· vmerw -[options] address size
· vmerl -[options] address size
3.5. Write Byte, Word or Long
Syntax:
· vmewb -[options] address value
· vmeww -[options] address value
· vmewl -[options] address value
3.6. Read the VMEbus to a file
Syntax:
· vmerf -[options] address size filename
3.7. Write a file to the VMEbus
Syntax:
· vmewf -[options] address filename
3.8. Parameters
There are several parameters used with these commands: address, size
and filename.
· address - The actual hexadecimal VMEbus address you wish to read.
If the map command is set to access A16 VME address space, the
address should be 0xABCD. If the space is A24 then use 0xABCDEF.
For A32 space use 0xABCDEFGH.
· size - The number of bytes to read. This value is always the
number of bytes regardless of the data word size read. For
example, if you want to read 16 bytes of information and use vmerl,
the display will show 16 bytes displayed as 4 long words.
· filename - The name of the file to send "read" VMEbus data to or
"write" VMEbus data from.
· value - a hex value written as "0xXXXX."
3.9. Options
Available options are defined with a single dash with the any
combination of the following:
· q - Hides details on the access to the vmeutils program (default)
· Q - Shows details on the access to the vmeutils program
· p - Single access PCI addressing mode (opposite of d) (default)
· d - DMA access PCI addressing mode (opposite of p) (very fast
access to the VMEbus)
· 0, 1, 2, or 3 - Which Universe chip "Image" to use (defaults to 0)
· b - binary mode off (default)
· B - binary mode on
· v - turn off verbose parameter printing (default)
· V - turn on verbose parameter printing to see how the driver is
begin used
3.10. A Note about DMA mode.
VMELinux offers access to all the features of the Universe Chip.
Especially useful is access to the DMA engine on the chip. With this
feature the Universe chip transfers data on the PCI bus by becoming a
PCI master. This is nice, but the real benefit comes from the VMEbus
accesses. Even if the VMEbus interface is not using block mode
transfers, the Universe chip can complete VMEbus transfers under 400
nanoseconds sustained. This is the direct result of the Universe
taking complete control of both the PCI bus and the VMEbus. Thus, it
is possible to access non block mode VMEbus peripherals much faster
than older technologies.
4. How to talk to the Tundra Universe PCI-VME bridge using the
devices drivers.
4.1. The device drivers used with VMELinux
· /dev/vme_ioctl
· /dev/vme_m0
· /dev/vme_m1
· /dev/vme_m2
· /dev/vme_m3
· /dev/vme_s0
· /dev/vme_s1
· /dev/vme_s2
· /dev/vme_s3
4.2. VMEMaster Device Drivers
/dev/vme_m* are drivers used to access the VMEbus as a bus master.
The Universe chip offers the programmer four VMEMaster windows to the
VMEbus. These windows are called Images. The details of the
registers within these windows is beyond the scope of this Howto.
Please refer to the Universe documentation for details. Tundra
Universe
4.3. VMESlave Device Drivers
/dev/vme_s* are drivers used to allow another VMEbus master to access
this device.
The Universe chip offers the programmer four VMESlave windows to the
VMEbus. These windows are called Images. The details of the
registers within these windows is beyond the scope of this Howto.
Please refer to the Universe documentation for details. Tundra
Universe
Slave VME modes are not yet supported by VMELinux.
4.4. Direct Control of the Universe Registers
/dev/vme_ioctl allows read and write access to the Universe registers.
For experienced users, this device allows direct access to the
Universe chip's internal registers. Explanation of these registers
and what they do is beyond the scope of this howto. Please consult the
Universe documentation available from Tundra Universe
4.5. read()
n = read(vme_handle,buf,len);
Where:
· vme_handle = The value returned by "open,"
· buf = pointer to data block,
· len = number of bytes to read from the VMEbus.
4.6. write()
write(vme_handle,buf,len);
Where:
· vme_handle = The value returned by "open,"
· buf = pointer to data block,
· len = number of bytes to write to the VMEbus.
4.7. lseek()
lseek(vme_handle,vme_pnt,Seek_Type);
Where:
· vme_handle = The value returned by "open,"
· vme_pnt = The actual VME address to access,
· Seek_Type = SEEK_SET or SEEK_CUR
4.8. ioctl()
ioctl(vme_handle, command, argument);
Where:
· vme_handle = The value returned by "open,"
· command = IOCTL_SET_CTL or IOCTL_SET_MODE or IOCTL_SET_BS or
IOCTL_SET_BD or IOCTL_SET_TO
· argument to be sent
And:
· IOCTL_SET_CTL = Sets the image CTL register to argument. Argument
must be 32 bits.
· IOCTL_SET_MODE = "MODE_DMA" or "MODE_PROGRAMMED" - Sets the mode by
which the Universe chips communicates to the PCI bus (Not VME Block
Mode)
· IOCTL_SET_BS = Sets the image BS register to arguments. NOTE: The
BD register must already be set prior to making this call.
· IOCTL_SET_BD = Sets the image BD register to argument.
· IOCTL_SET_TO = Set the image TO register to argument.
4.9. open() and close()
Here is where you open and close the four VMELinux Master or Slave
devices plus the Control device. Slave images are not yet supported.
· vme_handle = open("//dev//vme_m0",O_RDWR,0);
· uni_handle = open("//dev//vme_ctl",O_RDWR,0);
· close(vme_handle);
· close(uni_handle);
5. Advantages of the VMEbus, Linux and VMELinux
5.1. Pin and socket connectors
The VMEbus standard uses pin and socket connectors. This is superior
to edge connections in that the connection is not exposed to humidity
and other environmental conditions. It is a more expensive way of
doing things, but offers longer times before failure.
5.2. Eurocard assembly
A VMEboard is either a 3U (160 x 100 mm) or a 6U size (160 x 233.35
mm). These sizes correspond to the Eurocard standard for board modules
and card cages. Eurocard is a popular format used by many different
busses including CompactPCI. This popularity makes the materials
needed for cage assembly inexpensive and easy to obtain.
5.3. Linux is Low Cost
The nature of Linux is in its user supported and freely available
format. The number of people using Linux is growing. The number of
people contributing to the continued development of the Linux software
base is growing. It is unfair to state that Linux is a good value
because it is available for little to no charge. Linux is a good value
because it works.
5.4. Linux is Stable
There are those who say that Linux us an unstable operating system. It
is true that the new Linux kernels in development are experimental and
should not be relied on for critical applications. However, stable
versions of the Linux OS are always available and provide very stable
operation. VMELinux is always based on the stable versions of the
kernel source; Today's stable kernels are the 2.0.X series.
5.5. Linux is Dynamic
Because so many people are developing Linux, you do not have to wait
long for improvements, fixes or new features to become part of the
Linux distribution.
6. Current and planned Board Support
While the VMELinux driver should work with any PCI based design, the
following boards have actually run our software.
6.1. Xycom XVME655 Pentium VMEbus Board
· This XyCom board is compatible with the standard VMELinux kernel
driver package from VMELinux Project
· A prepared kernel will be available soon. It will be based on the
newest version of the Linux kernel and will include appropriate
drivers for the onboard NE2100 Ethernet interface. Check the
website for details.
6.2. XyCom XVME656 Pentium VMEBus Board
· This XyCom board is compatible with the standard VMELinux kernel
driver package from VMELinux Project
· A prepared kernel will be available soon. It will be based on the
newest version of the Linux kernel and will include appropriate
drivers for the onboard AHA2940/AIC7000 SCSI and 82558 Intel
EtherExpress Ethernet peripherals. Check the website for details.
6.3. Dynatem DPC1-0367
· This board is compatible with the standard VMELinux kernel driver
package from VMELinux Project
· A prepared kernel will be available soon. It will be based on the
newest version of the Linux kernel and will include appropriate
drivers for the onboard SCSI and Tulip Ethernet peripherals. Check
the website for details.
6.4. Planned Board Support
If you do not see VMELinux support for your board let us know. Maybe
the manufacture will lend us a board for development.
7. Conclusion
VMELinux offers the user a low cost way to implement a VMEbus system
quickly, reliably and with all the advantages of a unix environment.
We are using VMELinux in our projects so you can be sure future
developments will come quick. On the drawing board for this year are:
· Implementation of Interrupts and Handling thereof,
· Porting to other brands of Intel VMEbus boards,
· Porting of VMELinux to other processors that use the Universe chip,
· A study of running the VMELinux kernel driver module as a RT-Linux
task.
This document outlines the steps you need to install the VMELinux
Kernel Driver into the example Xycom XVME-655 Pentium VME board. It
is our hope that others will attempt installation of VMELinux into
other boards and let us know their success.
Mail any responses to The VMELinux Project. If you have a question or
an update to the document let us know and we will add it.
8. FAQ
8.1. The Shell utilities return a bunch of stars (*) when I access a
board I know is there. What gives?
Check to be sure the /dev/vme... files have their permissions set to
666. If not, the shell utilities will return a * in place of data to
indicate an error condition similar to a VME bus error.
8.2. How does VMELinux handle interrupts?
Right now it doesn't. However, we are planning to get that part going
soon. Please be patient.
8.3. I have RedHat 5.1 and can't get VMELinux programs to compile.
RedHat 5.1 includes a new compiler. If you manually edit the Makefile
in each directory to call up the new egcs compiler, things should
compile. We fully intend to support RedHat 5.1 installations, but for
now I suggest using 5.0 or Slackware.
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