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| HowTo Linux Zone | Linux Zone Home | E-Mail Me | Virtual Services Howto Brian Ackerman, brian@nycrc.net
v2.1, 15 August 1998
This document came about to satisfy the ever increasing need to know
how to virtualize a service.
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Knowledge Required
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Feedback
1.4 Revision History
1.5 Copyright/Distribution
2. IP Aliasing
3. Virtuald
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Inetd
3.3 Config File
3.4 Source
4. Shell Scripts
4.1 Virtfs
4.2 Virtexec
4.3 Notes
5. DNS
6. Syslogd
6.1 Problem
6.2 Solution
6.2.1 Setup Links
6.2.2 Syslogd.init
6.3 Multiple Syslogd's
6.3.1 One Per Disk
6.3.2 One Per Domain
7. Virtual FTP
7.1 Inetd
7.2 Anonymous FTP
7.3 Virtual FTP Users
8. Virtual Web
8.1 Running With Virtuald
8.1.1 Not recommended
8.1.2 Inetd
8.1.3 Httpd.conf
8.1.4 Configuration
8.1.5 Httpd.init
8.2 Running With Apache VirtualHost
8.2.1 Access.conf
8.2.2 Httpd.conf
8.2.3 Srm.conf
8.2.4 Httpd.init
8.3 File Descriptor Overflow
8.3.1 Warning
8.3.2 Multiple Apache Servers
8.4 Sharing Servers With One IP
8.4.1 Saving IPs
8.4.2 Drawback
8.5 More Information
9. Virtual Mail/Pop
9.1 Problem
9.2 Solution
9.3 Sendmail Solution
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Create Sendmail Configuration File
9.3.3 Edit Sendmail Configuration File
9.3.4 Sendmail Local Delivery
9.3.5 Sendmail Between Virtual Domains: The Hack (PRE8.8.6)
9.3.6 Sendmail Between Virtual Domains: New Sendmail Feature (POST8.8.6)
9.3.7 Sendmail.init
9.3.8 Inetd Setup
9.4 Qmail Solution
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Setup Virtual Domains
9.4.3 Setup Domain Master User
9.4.4 Tcpserver
9.4.5 Qmail.init
9.4.6 Source
9.4.7 Source
9.5 Acknowledgement
10. Virtual Samba
10.1 Setup
10.2 Inetd
10.3 Smb.init
11. Virtual Other
12. Conclusion
13. FAQ
______________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
1.1. Knowledge Required
Creating a virtual services machine is not all that difficult,
however, more than fundamental knowledge is required. This document
is not a primer to how to fully configure a Linux machine.
In order to understand this HOWTO document it is assumed that you are
thoroughly familiar with the following:
· Compiling a Linux kernel and adding IP aliasing support IP alias
mini-HOWTO
· Setting up and configuring of network devices NET-3 HOWTO
· Setting up of inetd NET-3 HOWTO
· Various network packages like Sendmail Apache Qmail SAMBA
· Setting up DNS DNS HOWTO
· Understanding basic system administration Linux Systems
Administrators's Guide
· Understanding how to setup a Web Server WWW HOWTO
If you are uncertain of how to proceed with any of the above it is
STRONGLY recommended that you use the html links provided to
familiarize yourself with all packages. I will NOT reply to mail
regarding any of the above. Please direct your questions to the
appropriate author of the HOWTO.
1.2. Purpose
The purpose of virtual services is to allow a single machine to
recognize multiple IP addresses without multiple network cards. IP
aliasing is a kernel option that allows you to assign each network
device more than one IP address. The kernel then multiplexes (swaps
between them very fast) in the background and to the user it appears
like you have more than one server.
This multiplexing allows multiple domains (www.domain1.com,
www.domain2.com, etc.) to be hosted by the same machine for the same
cost as hosting one domain. Unfortunately, most services (FTP, web,
mail) were not designed to handle muliple domains. In order to make
them work properly you must modify both configuration files and source
code. This document describes how to make these modifications in the
setting up of a virtual machine.
A deamon is also required in order to make virtual services function.
The source for this daemon (virtuald) is provided later in this
document.
1.3. Feedback
This document will expand as packages are updated and source or
configuration modifications change. If there are any portions of
this document that are unclear please feel free to email me with your
suggestions or questions. So that I do not have to go searching
through the entire HOWTO please make certain that all comments are as
specific as possible and include the section where the uncertainty
lies. It is important that all mail be addressed with VIRTSERVICES
HOWTO in the subject line. Any other mail will be considered personal
and all my friends know that I do not ever read my personal mail so it
will probably get discarded with theirs.
Please note that my examples are just that, examples and should not be
copied verbatim. You may have to insert your own values. If you
are having trouble, send me mail. Include all the pertinent
configuration files and the error messages you get when installing and
I will look them over and reply with my suggestions.
1.4. Revision History
V1.0
Initial version
V1.1
Fixed error in Virtual Web Section
V1.2
Fixed the date
V2.0
Updated html links.
Web updates.
New Sendmail option.
New Qmail section.
Syslogd updates.
FTP updates.
Virtuald default option.
New SAMBA section.
FAQ updates.
V2.1
Changed all paths to /usr/local.
Added virtuald VERBOSELOG compile option.
Fixed setuid/setgid bug in virtmailfilter.
Fixed execl bug in virtmailfilter.
Fixed capitialization bug in virtmailfilter.
Fixed environment variable sanity check in virtmailfilter.
Removed mbox code from virtmailfilter/virtmaildelivery.
Added tcpserver.init pop section for Qmail.
Added alias domain name question to the FAQ.
Fixed virtmailfilter to send home directory to virtmaildelivery.
1.5. Copyright/Distribution
This document is Copyright (c) 1997 by The Computer Resource Center
Inc.
A verbatim copy may be reproduced or distributed in any medium
physical or electronic without permission of the author. Translations
are similiarly permitted without express permission if it includes a
notice on who translated it. Commercial redistribution is allowed and
encouraged; however please notify Computer Resource Center of any such
distributions.
Excerpts from the document may be used without prior consent provided
that the derivative work contains the verbatim copy or a pointer to a
verbatim copy.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
as many channels as possible. However, I do wish to retain copyright
on this HOWTO document, and would like to be notified of any plans to
redistribute this HOWTO.
2. IP Aliasing
IP aliasing is a kernel option that needs to be set up in order to run
a virtual hosting machine. There is already a mini-HOWTO on IP
aliasing. Consult that for any questions on how to set it up.
3. Virtuald
3.1. Introduction
Every network connection is made up of two IP address/port pairs. The
API (Applications Program Interface) for network programming is called
the Sockets API. The socket acts like an open file and by
reading/writing to it you can send data over a network connection.
There is a function call getsockname that will return the IP address
of the local socket. Virtuald uses getsockname to determine which IP
on the local machine is being accessed. Virtuald reads a config file
to retrieve the directory associated with that IP. It will
chroot to that directory and hand the connection off to the service.
Chroot resets / or the root directory to a new point so everything
higher in the directory tree is cut off from the running program.
Therefore, each IP address gets their own virtual filesystem. To the
network program this is transparent and the program will behave like
nothing happened. Virtuald in conjunction with a program like inetd
can then be used to virtualize any service.
3.2. Inetd
Inetd is a network super server that listens at multiple ports and
when it receives a connection (for example, an incoming pop request),
inetd performs the network negotiation and hands the network
connection off to the specified program. This prevents services from
running idly when they are not needed.
A standard /etc/inetd.conf file looks like this:
ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd \
wu.ftpd -l -a
pop-3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd \
in.qpop -s
A virtual /etc/inetd.conf file looks like this:
ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
virtuald /virtual/conf.ftp wu.ftpd -l -a
pop-3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
virtuald /virtual/conf.pop in.qpop -s
3.3. Config File
Each service gets a config file that will control what IPs and
directories are allowed for that service. You can have one master
config file or several config files if you want each service to get a
different list of domains. A config file looks like this:
# This is a comment and so are blank lines
# Format IP SPACE dir NOSPACES
10.10.10.129 /virtual/domain1.com
10.10.10.130 /virtual/domain2.com
10.10.10.157 /virtual/domain3.com
# Default option for all other IPs
default /
3.4. Source
This is the C source code to the virtuald program. Compile it and
install it in /usr/local/bin with permission 0755, user root, and
group root. The only compile option is VERBOSELOG which will turn
on/off logging of connections.
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <syslog.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#undef VERBOSELOG
#define BUFSIZE 8192
int getipaddr(char **ipaddr)
{
struct sockaddr_in virtual_addr;
static char ipaddrbuf[BUFSIZE];
int virtual_len;
char *ipptr;
virtual_len=sizeof(virtual_addr);
if (getsockname(0,(struct sockaddr *)&virtual_addr,&virtual_len)<0)
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"getipaddr: getsockname failed: %m");
return -1;
}
if (!(ipptr=inet_ntoa(virtual_addr.sin_addr)))
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"getipaddr: inet_ntoa failed: %m");
return -1;
}
strncpy(ipaddrbuf,ipptr,sizeof(ipaddrbuf)-1);
*ipaddr=ipaddrbuf;
return 0;
}
int iptodir(char **dir,char *ipaddr,char *filename)
{
char buffer[BUFSIZE],*bufptr;
static char dirbuf[BUFSIZE];
FILE *fp;
if (!(fp=fopen(filename,"r")))
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"iptodir: fopen failed: %m");
return -1;
}
*dir=NULL;
while(fgets(buffer,BUFSIZE,fp))
{
buffer[strlen(buffer)-1]=0;
if (*buffer=='#' || *buffer==0)
continue;
if (!(bufptr=strchr(buffer,' ')))
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"iptodir: strchr failed");
return -1;
}
*bufptr++=0;
if (!strcmp(buffer,ipaddr))
{
strncpy(dirbuf,bufptr,sizeof(dirbuf)-1);
*dir=dirbuf;
break;
}
if (!strcmp(buffer,"default"))
{
strncpy(dirbuf,bufptr,sizeof(dirbuf)-1);
*dir=dirbuf;
break;
}
}
if (fclose(fp)==EOF)
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"iptodir: fclose failed: %m");
return -1;
}
if (!*dir)
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"iptodir: ip not found in conf file");
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
char *ipaddr,*dir;
openlog("virtuald",LOG_PID,LOG_DAEMON);
#ifdef VERBOSELOG
syslog(LOG_ERR,"Virtuald Starting: $Revision: 1.49 $");
#endif
if (!argv[1])
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"invalid arguments: no conf file");
exit(0);
}
if (!argv[2])
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"invalid arguments: no program to run");
exit(0);
}
if (getipaddr(&ipaddr))
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"getipaddr failed");
exit(0);
}
#ifdef VERBOSELOG
syslog(LOG_ERR,"Incoming ip: %s",ipaddr);
#endif
if (iptodir(&dir,ipaddr,argv[1]))
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"iptodir failed");
exit(0);
}
if (chroot(dir)<0)
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"chroot failed: %m");
exit(0);
}
#ifdef VERBOSELOG
syslog(LOG_ERR,"Chroot dir: %s",dir);
#endif
if (chdir("/")<0)
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"chdir failed: %m");
exit(0);
}
if (execvp(argv[2],argv+2)<0)
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"execvp failed: %m");
exit(0);
}
closelog();
exit(0);
}
4. Shell Scripts
4.1. Virtfs
Each domain should get their own directory structure. Since you are
using chroot you will require duplicate copies of the shared
libraries, binaries, conf files, etc. I use /virtual/domain1.com for
each domain that I create.
I realize that you are taking up more disk space but it is cheaper
than a whole new machine and network cards. If you really want to
preserve space you can hard link the files together so only one copy
of each binary exists. The filesystem that I use takes up a little
over 2M. However, this script attempts to copy all the files from the
main filesystem in order to be as generic as possible.
Here is a sample virtfs script:
#!/bin/sh
echo '$Revision: 1.49 $'
echo -n "Enter the domain name: "
read domain
if [ "$domain" = "" ]
then
echo Nothing entered: aborting
exit 0
fi
leadingdir=/virtual
echo -n "Enter leading dir: (Enter for default: $leadingdir): "
read ans
if [ "$ans" != "" ]
then
leadingdir=$ans
fi
newdir=$leadingdir/$domain
if [ -d "$newdir" ]
then
echo New directory: $newdir: ALREADY exists
exit 0
else
echo New directory: $newdir
fi
echo Create $newdir
mkdir -p $newdir
echo Create bin
cp -pdR /bin $newdir
echo Create dev
cp -pdR /dev $newdir
echo Create dev/log
ln -f /virtual/log $newdir/dev/log
echo Create etc
mkdir -p $newdir/etc
for i in /etc/*
do
if [ -d "$i" ]
then
continue
fi
cp -pd $i $newdir/etc
done
echo Create etc/skel
mkdir -p $newdir/etc/skel
echo Create home
for i in a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
do
mkdir -p $newdir/home/$i
done
echo Create home/c/crc
mkdir -p $newdir/home/c/crc
chown crc.users $newdir/home/c/crc
echo Create lib
mkdir -p $newdir/lib
for i in /lib/*
do
if [ -d "$i" ]
then
continue
fi
cp -pd $i $newdir/lib
done
echo Create proc
mkdir -p $newdir/proc
echo Create sbin
cp -pdR /sbin $newdir
echo Create tmp
mkdir -p -m 0777 $newdir/tmp
chmod +t $newdir/tmp
echo Create usr
mkdir -p $newdir/usr
echo Create usr/bin
cp -pdR /usr/bin $newdir/usr
echo Create usr/lib
mkdir -p $newdir/usr/lib
echo Create usr/lib/locale
cp -pdR /usr/lib/locale $newdir/usr/lib
echo Create usr/lib/terminfo
cp -pdR /usr/lib/terminfo $newdir/usr/lib
echo Create usr/lib/zoneinfo
cp -pdR /usr/lib/zoneinfo $newdir/usr/lib
echo Create usr/lib/\*.so\*
cp -pdR /usr/lib/*.so* $newdir/usr/lib
echo Create usr/sbin
cp -pdR /usr/sbin $newdir/usr
echo Linking usr/tmp
ln -s /tmp $newdir/usr/tmp
echo Create var
mkdir -p $newdir/var
echo Create var/lock
cp -pdR /var/lock $newdir/var
echo Create var/log
mkdir -p $newdir/var/log
echo Create var/log/wtmp
cp /dev/null $newdir/var/log/wtmp
echo Create var/run
cp -pdR /var/run $newdir/var
echo Create var/run/utmp
cp /dev/null $newdir/var/run/utmp
echo Create var/spool
cp -pdR /var/spool $newdir/var
echo Linking var/tmp
ln -s /tmp $newdir/var/tmp
echo Create var/www/html
mkdir -p $newdir/var/www/html
chown webmast.www $newdir/var/www/html
chmod g+s $newdir/var/www/html
echo Create var/www/master
mkdir -p $newdir/var/www/master
chown webmast.www $newdir/var/www/master
echo Create var/www/server
mkdir -p $newdir/var/www/server
chown webmast.www $newdir/var/www/server
exit 0
4.2. Virtexec
To execute commands in a virtual environment you have to
chroot to that directory and then run the command. I have written a
special shell script called virtexec that handles this for any
command:
#!/bin/sh
echo '$Revision: 1.49 $'
BNAME=`basename $0`
FIRST4CHAR=`echo $BNAME | cut -c1-4`
REALBNAME=`echo $BNAME | cut -c5-`
if [ "$BNAME" = "virtexec" ]
then
echo Cannot run virtexec directly: NEED a symlink
exit 0
fi
if [ "$FIRST4CHAR" != "virt" ]
then
echo Symlink not a virt function
exit 0
fi
list=""
num=1
for i in /virtual/*
do
if [ ! -d "$i" ]
then
continue
fi
if [ "$i" = "/virtual/lost+found" ]
then
continue
fi
list="$list $i $num"
num=`expr $num + 1`
done
if [ "$list" = "" ]
then
echo No virtual environments exist
exit 0
fi
dialog --clear --title 'Virtexec' --menu Pick 20 70 12 $list 2> /tmp/menu.$$
if [ "$?" = "0" ]
then
newdir=`cat /tmp/menu.$$`
else
newdir=""
fi
tput clear
rm -f /tmp/menu.$$
echo '$Revision: 1.49 $'
if [ ! -d "$newdir" ]
then
echo New directory: $newdir: NOT EXIST
exit 0
else
echo New directory: $newdir
fi
echo bname: $BNAME
echo realbname: $REALBNAME
if [ "$*" = "" ]
then
echo args: none
else
echo args: $*
fi
echo Changing to $newdir
cd $newdir
echo Running program $REALBNAME
chroot $newdir $REALBNAME $*
exit 0
Please note that you must have the dialog program installed on your
system for this to work. To use virtexec just symlink a program to
it. For example,
ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtpasswd
ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtvi
ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtpico
ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtemacs
ln -s /usr/local/bin/virtexec /usr/local/bin/virtmailq
Then if you type virtvi or virtpasswd or virtmailq it will allow you
to vi a program, change a user's password or check the mail queue on
your virtual system. You can create as many virtexec symlinks as you
want. Please note that if your program requires a shared library it
has to be in the virtual filesystem as well as the binary.
4.3. Notes
I install all the scripts in /usr/local/bin. Anything that I do not
want to put on the virtual filesystem I put in /usr/local. The script
does not copy any of the files in /usr/local to the virtual
filesystem. Any files that are important to not cross virtual
filesystems should be removed. For example, ssh is installed on my
system and I did not want the private key for the server available on
all the virtual filesystems so I remove it from each virtual
filesystem after I run virtfs. I also change resolv.conf and remove
anything that has the name of another domain on it for legal reasons.
For example, /etc/hosts and /etc/HOSTNAME.
The programs that I symlink to virtexec are:
· virtpasswd -- change a user password
· virtadduser -- create a user
· virtdeluser -- delete a user
· virtsmbstatus -- see SAMBA status
· virtvi -- edit a file
· virtmailq -- check out the mailq
· virtnewaliases -- rebuild alias tables
5. DNS
You can configure DNS normally. There is a HOWTO on DNS.
6. Syslogd
6.1. Problem
Syslogd is the system logging utility commonly used on UNIX systems.
Syslogd is a daemon that opens a special file called a FIFO. A FIFO
is a special file that acts like a pipe. Anything that is written to
the write side will come out the read side. Syslogd waits for data
from the read side. There are C functions that write to the write
side. If your program uses these C functions your output will go to
syslogd.
Remember that we have used a chroot environment and the FIFO that
syslogd is reading from (/dev/log) is not present. That means all the
virtual environments will not log to syslogd.
6.2. Solution
6.2.1. Setup Links
Syslogd can look to a different FIFO if you tell it on the command
line so run syslogd with the argument:
syslogd -p /virtual/log
Then symlink /dev/log to /virtual/log by:
ln -sf /virtual/log /dev/log
Then hard link all the /dev/log copies to this file by running:
ln -f /virtual/log /virtual/domain1.com/dev/log
The virtfs script above already does this. Since /virtual is one
contiguous disk and the /dev/log's are hard linked they have the same
inode number and point to the same data. The chroot cannot stop
this so all your virtual /dev/log's will now function. Note that all
the messages from all the environments will be logged in one place.
However, you can write separate programs to filter out the data.
6.2.2. Syslogd.init
This version of the syslogd.init file hard links the /dev/log's each
time you start it because syslogd deletes and creates the /dev/log
FIFO each time it runs. Here is a modified syslogd.init file:
#!/bin/sh
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
case "$1" in
start)
echo -n "Starting dev log: "
ln -sf /virtual/log /dev/log
echo done
echo -n "Starting system loggers: "
daemon syslogd -p /virtual/log
daemon klogd
echo
echo -n "Starting virtual dev log: "
for i in /virtual/*
do
if [ ! -d "$i" ]
then
continue
fi
if [ "$i" = "/virtual/lost+found" ]
then
continue
fi
ln -f /virtual/log $i/dev/log
echo -n "."
done
echo " done"
touch /var/lock/subsys/syslogd
;;
stop)
echo -n "Shutting down system loggers: "
killproc syslogd
killproc klogd
echo
rm -f /var/lock/subsys/syslogd
;;
*)
echo "Usage: syslogd {start|stop}"
exit 1
esac
exit 0
6.3. Multiple Syslogd's
6.3.1. One Per Disk
If you run out of space on one filesystem and you have to break up
your virtual domains onto different disks remember that hard links
will not cross disks. That means you will have to run a separate
syslogd for each group of domains on a disk. For example, if you had
thirteen domains on /virtual1 and fifteen domains on /virtual2, you
would hard link thirteen domains to /virtual1/log and run one syslogd
with syslogd -p /virtual1/log and hard link fifteen other domains to
/virtual2/log with a syslogd running with syslogd -p /virtual2/log .
6.3.2. One Per Domain
If you do not want to centralize the logs to one place you could also
run one syslogd per domain. This wastes process ID's so I do not
recommend it but it is easier to implement. You would have to alter
your syslogd.init file to run syslogd as chroot /virtual/domain1.com
syslogd for each domain. This will run each syslogd within the
chroot and the logs will be in /virtual/domain1.com/var/log rather
than all combined in /var/log. Do not forget to run a syslogd
normally syslogd for the main system and a kernel logger klogd .
7. Virtual FTP
7.1. Inetd
Wu-ftpd comes with built in support to make it virtual. However, you
cannot maintain separate password files for each domain. For example,
if
bob@domain1.com and bob@domain2.com both want an account you would
have to make one of them bob2 or have one of the users choose a
different user name. Since you now have a virtual filesystem for each
domain you have separate password files and this problem goes away.
Just create a virtnewuser script and a virtpasswd script in the way
mentioned above and you are all set.
The inetd.conf entries for wu-ftpd:
ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
virtuald /virtual/conf.ftp wu.ftpd -l -a
7.2. Anonymous FTP
These are unaffected by the virtuald setup. For an anonymous user
just create the FTP user in /virtual/domain1.com/etc/passwd like you
would normally.
ftp:x:14:50:Anonymous FTP:/var/ftp:/bin/false
Then setup the anonymous FTP directory. You have separate password
files for each domain so you can restrict which domain has an
anonymous FTP account. Please note that since the FTP server is
already chrooted into the /virtual/domain1.com directory you do not
have to prefix any paths with it.
7.3. Virtual FTP Users
Wu-ftpd supports something called a guest group. This allows you to
create different FTP areas for each user. The FTP server does a
chroot to the specified area so the user cannot go outside that
directory tree. If you create the users within a virtual domain this
way they will not be able to view the system files.
Add the guest's group to the /virtual/domain1.com/etc/ftpaccess file.
Create an entry in /virtual/domain1.com/etc/passwd with the chroot
dir and the starting home directory separated by /./ :
guest1:x:8500:51:Guest FTP:/home/g/guest1/./incoming:/bin/false
Then setup guest's home like you would for anonymous FTP. You have
separate password files for each domain so you can specifiy which
domains have guest accounts and which users within a domain are guest
users. Please note that since the FTP server is already chrooted
into the /virtual/domain1.com directory you do not have to prefix any
paths with it.
8. Virtual Web
8.1. Running With Virtuald
8.1.1. Not recommended
Apache has their own support for virtual domains. This is the only
program I recommend using the internal virtual domain mechanism.
When you run something through inetd there is a cost, the program has
to start up each time you run it. This results in slower response
time, which is perfectly fine for most services but is completely
unacceptable for web service. Apache also has a mechanism for
stopping connections when too many come in, which can be critical for
even medium volume sites.
Simply stated, virtualizing Apache with virtuald is a really bad idea.
The whole point of virtuald is to fill the gap created when services
DO NOT have their own internal mechanism to do the job. Virtuald is
not meant to replace good code that already completes the task at
hand.
The above not withstanding here is how to do it for those who are
foolhardy enough to do so.
8.1.2. Inetd
Edit /etc/inetd.conf
vi /etc/inetd.conf # Add this line
www stream tcp nowait www /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
virtuald /virtual/conf.www httpd -f /var/www/conf/httpd.conf
8.1.3. Httpd.conf
Edit /var/www/conf/httpd.conf
vi /var/www/conf/httpd.conf # Or wherever you put the Apache config files
It should say:
ServerType standalone
Replace it with:
ServerType inetd
8.1.4. Configuration
Then configure each instance of the Apache server like you would
normally for single domain use.
8.1.5. Httpd.init
An httpd.init file is not needed since the server is run through
inetd.
8.2. Running With Apache VirtualHost
Apache has three configuration files access.conf , httpd.conf , and
srm.conf . Newer versions of Apache have made the three configuration
files unnecessary. However, I find that breaking up the configuration
into three sections makes it easier to manage so I will be keeping
with that style in this HOWTO document.
8.2.1. Access.conf
This configuration file is used to control the accessibility of
directories in the web directory structure. Here is a sample
configuration file that shows how to have different options for each
domain.
# /var/www/conf/access.conf: Global access configuration
# Options are inherited from the parent directory
# Set the main directory with default options
<Directory />
AllowOverride None
Options Indexes
</Directory>
# Give one domain a passwd protected directory
<Directory /virtual/domain1.com/var/www/html/priv>
AuthUserFile /var/www/passwd/domain1.com-priv
AuthGroupFile /var/www/passwd/domain1.com-priv-g
AuthName PRIVSECTION
AuthType Basic
<Limit GET PUT POST>
require valid-user
</Limit>
</Directory>
# Give another domain Server Side Includes
<Directory /virtual/domain2.com/var/www/html>
Options IncludesNOEXEC
</Directory>
8.2.2. Httpd.conf
This configuration file is used to control the main options for the
Apache server. Here is a sample configuration file that shows how to
have different options for each domain.
# /var/www/conf/httpd.conf: Main server configuration file
# Begin: main conf section
# Needed since not using inetd
ServerType standalone
# Port to run on
Port 80
# Log clients with names vs IP addresses
HostnameLookups on
# User to run server as
User www
Group www
# Where server config, error and log files are
ServerRoot /var/www
# Process Id of server in this file
PidFile /var/run/httpd.pid
# Internal server process info
ScoreBoardFile /var/www/logs/apache_status
# Timeout and KeepAlive options
Timeout 400
KeepAlive 5
KeepAliveTimeout 15
# Number of servers to run
MinSpareServers 5
MaxSpareServers 10
StartServers 5
MaxClients 150
MaxRequestsPerChild 30
# End: main conf section
# Begin: virtual host section
# Tell server to accept requests for ip:port
# I have one for each IP needed so you can explicitly ignore certain domains
Listen 10.10.10.129:80
Listen 10.10.10.130:80
# VirtualHost directive allows you to specify another virtual
# domain on your server. Most Apache options can be specified
# within this section.
<VirtualHost www.domain1.com>
# Mail to this address on errors
ServerAdmin webmaster@domain1.com
# Where documents are kept in the virtual domain
DocumentRoot /virtual/domain1.com/var/www/html
# Name of the server
ServerName www.domain1.com
# Log files Relative to ServerRoot option
ErrorLog logs/domain1.com-error_log
TransferLog logs/domain1.com-access_log
RefererLog logs/domain1.com-referer_log
AgentLog logs/domain1.com-agent_log
# Use CGI scripts in this domain
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /var/www/cgi-bin/domain1.com/
AddHandler cgi-script .cgi
AddHandler cgi-script .pl
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost www.domain2.com>
# Mail to this address on errors
ServerAdmin webmaster@domain2.com
# Where documents are kept in the virtual domain
DocumentRoot /virtual/domain2.com/var/www/html
# Name of the server
ServerName www.domain2.com
# Log files Relative to ServerRoot option
ErrorLog logs/domain2.com-error_log
TransferLog logs/domain2.com-access_log
RefererLog logs/domain2.com-referer_log
AgentLog logs/domain2.com-agent_log
# No CGI's for this host
</VirtualHost>
# End: virtual host section
8.2.3. Srm.conf
This configuration file is used to control how requests are serviced
and how results are formatted. You do not have to edit anything here
for the virtual domains. The sample config file from Apache should
work.
8.2.4. Httpd.init
Nothing special has to be done to the httpd.init file. Use a standard
one that comes with the Apache configuration.
8.3. File Descriptor Overflow
8.3.1. Warning
This only applies to the standalone style Apache server. A server run
through inetd does not interact with the other domains so it has the
whole file descriptor table.
Every log file that the Apache server opens is another file descriptor
for the process. There is a limit of 256 file descriptors per process
in Linux. Since you have multiple domains you are using a lot more
file descriptors. If you have too many domains running off of one
Apache web server process you can overflow this table. This would
mean that certain logs would not work and CGI's would fail.
8.3.2. Multiple Apache Servers
If you assume five file descriptors per domain you can have 50 domains
running on your Apache server without any problems. However, if you
find your server having problems like this you could create /var/www1
with an Apache server in charge of domain1 - domain25 and /var/www2
with an Apache server in charge of domain26 - domain50 and so on.
This would give each server their own configuration, error, and log
directory. Each server should be configured separately with their own
Listen and VirtualHost directives. Do not forget to run multiple
servers in your httpd.init file.
8.4. Sharing Servers With One IP
8.4.1. Saving IPs
The HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) version 1.1 added a feature
that communicates the name of the server to the client. This means
that the client does not need to look up the server from its IP
address. Therefore, two virtual servers could have the same IP
address and be different web sites. The Apache configuration is the
same as above except that you do not have to put in a different Listen
directive since the two domains will have the same IP.
8.4.2. Drawback
The only problem is that virtuald uses IP addresses to distinguish
between domains. In its current form virtuald would not be able to
chroot to different spool directories for each domain. Therefore,
mail would only be able to respond as one IP and there would no longer
be a unique spool directory for each domain. All the web sharing IP
clients would have to share that IPs spool directory. That would mean
duplicate usernames would be an issue again. However, that is the
price you pay for sharing IPs.
8.5. More Information
This HOWTO only shows how to implement virtual support on the Apache
web server. Most web servers use a similar interface. For more
information on virtual web hosting consult the WWW HOWTO, the
documentation for Apache at Apache's Site, or the documentation at
ApacheWeek.
9. Virtual Mail/Pop
9.1. Problem
Virtual mail support is in ever increasing demand. Sendmail says it
supports virtual mail. What it does support is listening for incoming
mail from different domains. You can then specify to have the mail
forwarded somewhere. However, if you forward it to the local machine
and have incoming mail to bob@domain1.com and bob@domain2.com they
will go to the same mail folder. This is a problem since both bob's
are different people with different mail.
9.2. Solution
You can make sure that each user name is unique by using a numbering
scheme: bob1, bob2, etc or prepending a few characters to each
username dom1bob, dom2bob, etc. You could also hack mail and pop to
do these conversions behind the scenes but that can get messy.
Outgoing mail also has the banner maindomain.com and you want each
subdomain's outgoing mail banner to be different.
I have two solutions. One works with sendmail and one works with
Qmail. The solution with sendmail should work with a stock install of
sendmail. However, it shares all the limitations built into sendmail.
It also requires that one sendmail has to be run in queue mode for
each domain. Having 50 or more sendmail queue processes that wake up
every hour can put a little strain on a machine.
The solution offered with Qmail does not require multiple instances of
Qmail and can run out of one queue directory. It does require an
extra program since Qmail does not rely on virtuald. I believe a
similar procedure can be done with sendmail. However, Qmail lends
itself to this solution more readily.
I do not endorse any one program over the other. The sendmail install
is a little more straight forward but Qmail is probably the more
powerful of the two mail server packages.
9.3. Sendmail Solution
9.3.1. Introduction
Each virtual filesystem gives a domain its own /etc/passwd. This
means that bob@domain1.com and bob@domain2.com are different users in
different /etc/passwds so mail will be no problem. They also have
their own spool directories so the mail folders will be different
files on different virtual filesystems.
9.3.2. Create Sendmail Configuration File
Create /etc/sendmail.cf like you would normally through m4. I used:
divert(0)
VERSIONID(`tcpproto.mc')
OSTYPE(linux)
FEATURE(redirect)
FEATURE(always_add_domain)
FEATURE(use_cw_file)
FEATURE(local_procmail)
MAILER(local)
MAILER(smtp)
9.3.3. Edit Sendmail Configuration File
Edit /virtual/domain1.com/etc/sendmail.cf to respond as your virtual
domain:
vi /virtual/domain1.com/etc/sendmail.cf # Approximately Line 86
It should say:
#Dj$w.Foo.COM
Replace it with:
Djdomain1.com
9.3.4. Sendmail Local Delivery
Edit /virtual/domain1.com/etc/sendmail.cw with the local hostnames.
vi /virtual/domain1.com/etc/sendmail.cw
mail.domain1.com
domain1.com
domain1
localhost
9.3.5. Sendmail Between Virtual Domains: The Hack (PRE8.8.6)
However, sendmail requires one minor source code modification.
Sendmail has a file called /etc/sendmail.cw and it contains all
machine names that sendmail will deliver mail to locally rather than
forwarding to another machine. Sendmail does internal checking of all
the devices on the machine to initialize this list with the local IPs.
This presents a problem if you are mailing between virtual domains on
the same machine. Sendmail will be fooled into thinking another
virtual domain is a local address and spool the mail locally. For
example, bob@domain1.com sends mail to fred@domain2.com. Since
domain1.com's sendmail thinks domain2.com is local, it will spool the
mail on domain1.com and never send it to domain2.com. You have to
modify sendmail (I did this on v8.8.5 without a problem):
vi v8.8.5/src/main.c # Approximately Line 494
It should say:
load_if_names();
Replace it with:
/* load_if_names(); Commented out since hurts virtual */
Note only do this if you need to send mail between virtual domains
which I think is probable.
This will fix the problem. However, the main ethernet device eth0 is
not removed. Therefore, if you send mail from a virtual IP to the one
on eth0 on the same box it will delivery locally. Therefore, I just
use this as a dummy IP virtual1.maindomain.com (10.10.10.157). I
never send mail to this host so neither will the virtual domains.
This is also the IP I would use to ssh into the box to check if the
system is ok.
9.3.6. Sendmail Between Virtual Domains: New Sendmail Feature
(POST8.8.6)
As of Sendmail V8.8.6, there is a new option to disable loading of the
extra network interfaces. This means you do NOT have to alter the
code in any way. It is called DontProbeInterfaces .
Edit /virtual/domain1.com/etc/sendmail.cf
vi /virtual/domain1.com/etc/sendmail.cf # Add the line
O DontProbeInterfaces=True
9.3.7. Sendmail.init
Sendmail cannot be started stand alone anymore so you have to run it
through inetd. This is inefficient and will result in lower start up
time but if you had such a high hit site you would not share it on a
virtual box with other domains. Note that you are NOT running with
the -bd flag. Also note that you need a sendmail -q running for
each domain to queue up undelivered mail. The new sendmail.init file:
#!/bin/sh
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
case "$1" in
start)
echo -n "Starting sendmail: "
daemon sendmail -q1h
echo
echo -n "Starting virtual sendmail: "
for i in /virtual/*
do
if [ ! -d "$i" ]
then
continue
fi
if [ "$i" = "/virtual/lost+found" ]
then
continue
fi
chroot $i sendmail -q1h
echo -n "."
done
echo " done"
touch /var/lock/subsys/sendmail
;;
stop)
echo -n "Stopping sendmail: "
killproc sendmail
echo
rm -f /var/lock/subsys/sendmail
;;
*)
echo "Usage: sendmail {start|stop}"
exit 1
esac
exit 0
9.3.8. Inetd Setup
Pop should install normally with no extra effort. It will just need
the inetd entry for it with the virtuald part added. The inetd.conf
entries for sendmail and pop:
pop-3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
virtuald /virtual/conf.pop in.qpop -s
smtp stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
virtuald /virtual/conf.mail sendmail -bs
9.4. Qmail Solution
9.4.1. Introduction
This solution takes over the delivery responsibilities of qmail-local,
so use of the .qmail files in the virtual home directories will not
work. However, each domain will still get a domain master user that
will control aliasing for the whole domain. Two external programs
will be used for that domain masters .qmail-default file. The mail
will be passed through these two programs in order to deliver mail for
each domain.
Two programs are required since one of them is run setuid root. It is
a small program that changes to a non-root user and then runs the
second program. Consult your nearest security related site for a
discussion as to why this is necessary.
This solution bypasses the need for using virtuald. Qmail is flexible
enough to not require a general virtuald setup. Qmail's design
utilizes the chaining of programs together to deliver mail. This
design makes it very easy to insert the virtual section into the Qmail
delivery process without altering a stock install of Qmail.
A note that since you are using one Qmail any unqualified domain name
will be expanded with the domain of the main server. This is because
you do not have a separate Qmail server for each domain. Therefore,
make sure that your client (Eudora, elm, mutt, etc.) knows to expand
all of your unqualified domain names.
9.4.2. Setup Virtual Domains
Qmail has to be configured to accept mail for each of the virtual
domains you will be serving. Type the following commands.
echo "domain1.com:domain1" >> /var/qmail/control/virtualdomains
9.4.3. Setup Domain Master User
Add to your main /etc/passwd file the user domain1. I would make the
shell /bin/false so that the domain master cannot log in. That user
will be able to add .qmail files and all mail for domain1 will route
through that account. Note that usernames can only be eight
characters long and domain names can be longer. The remaining
characters are truncated. That means that user domain12 and domain123
are going to be the same user and Qmail might get confused. So be
careful in your master domain user naming convention.
Create the domain master's .qmail files with the following commands.
Add any other system aliases at this point. For example, webmaster or
hostmaster.
echo "user@domain1.com" > /home/d/domain1/.qmail-mailer-daemon
echo "user@domain1.com" > /home/d/domain1/.qmail-postmaster
echo "user@domain1.com" > /home/d/domain1/.qmail-root
Create the domain master's .qmail-default file. This will filter all
mail to the virtual domain.
echo "| /usr/local/bin/virtmailfilter" > /home/d/domain1/.qmail-default
9.4.4. Tcpserver
Qmail requires a special pop that can support the Maildir format. The
pop program has to be virtualized. The author of Qmail recommends
using tcpserver (an inetd replacement) with Qmail so my examples use
tcpserver and NOT inetd.
Tcpserver does not require a config file. All the information can be
passed to it via the command line. Here is the tcpserver.init file
that you would use for the mail daemon and popper:
#!/bin/sh
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
QMAILDUSER=`grep qmaild /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f3`
QMAILDGROUP=`grep qmaild /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f4`
# See how we were called.
case "$1" in
start)
echo -n "Starting tcpserver: "
tcpserver -u 0 -g 0 0 pop-3 /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
/virtual/conf.pop qmail-popup virt.domain1.com \
/bin/checkpassword /bin/qmail-pop3d Maildir &
echo -n "pop "
tcpserver -u $QMAILDUSER -g $QMAILDGROUP 0 smtp \
/var/qmail/bin/qmail-smtpd &
echo -n "qmail "
echo
touch /var/lock/subsys/tcpserver
;;
stop)
echo -n "Stopping tcpserver: "
killall -TERM tcpserver
echo -n "killing "
echo
rm -f /var/lock/subsys/tcpserver
;;
*)
echo "Usage: tcpserver {start|stop}"
exit 1
esac
exit 0
9.4.5. Qmail.init
You can use the standard Qmail init script provided. Qmail comes with
very good documentation describing how to set this up.
9.4.6. Source
You require two other programs to get virtual mail working with Qmail.
They are virtmailfilter and virtmaildelivery. This is the C source to
virtmailfilter. It should be installed in /usr/local/bin with
permissions 4750, user root, and group nofiles.
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#define VIRTPRE "/virtual"
#define VIRTPWFILE "etc/passwd"
#define VIRTDELIVERY "/usr/local/bin/virtmaildelivery"
#define VIRTDELIVERY0 "virtmaildelivery"
#define PERM 100
#define TEMP 111
#define BUFSIZE 8192
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
char *username,*usernameptr,*domain,*domainptr,*homedir;
char virtpath[BUFSIZE];
struct passwd *p;
FILE *fppw;
int status;
gid_t gid;
pid_t pid;
if (!(username=getenv("EXT")))
{
fprintf(stdout,"environment variable EXT not set\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
for(usernameptr=username;*usernameptr;usernameptr++)
{
*usernameptr=tolower(*usernameptr);
}
if (!(domain=getenv("HOST")))
{
fprintf(stdout,"environment variable HOST not set\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
for(domainptr=domain;*domainptr;domainptr++)
{
if (*domainptr=='.' && *(domainptr+1)=='.')
{
fprintf(stdout,"environment variable HOST has ..\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
if (*domainptr=='/')
{
fprintf(stdout,"environment variable HOST has /\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
*domainptr=tolower(*domainptr);
}
for(domainptr=domain;;)
{
snprintf(virtpath,BUFSIZE,"%s/%s",VIRTPRE,domainptr);
if (chdir(virtpath)>=0)
break;
if (!(domainptr=strchr(domainptr,'.')))
{
fprintf(stdout,"domain failed: %s\n",domain);
exit(TEMP);
}
domainptr++;
}
if (!(fppw=fopen(VIRTPWFILE,"r+")))
{
fprintf(stdout,"fopen failed: %s\n",VIRTPWFILE);
exit(TEMP);
}
while((p=fgetpwent(fppw))!=NULL)
{
if (!strcmp(p->pw_name,username))
break;
}
if (!p)
{
fprintf(stdout,"user %s: not exist\n",username);
exit(PERM);
}
if (fclose(fppw)==EOF)
{
fprintf(stdout,"fclose failed\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
gid=p->pw_gid;
homedir=p->pw_dir;
if (setgid(gid)<0 || setuid(p->pw_uid)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"setuid/setgid failed\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
switch(pid=fork())
{
case -1:
fprintf(stdout,"fork failed\n");
exit(TEMP);
case 0:
if (execl(VIRTDELIVERY,VIRTDELIVERY0,username,homedir,NULL)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"execl failed\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
default:
if (wait(&status)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"wait failed\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
if (!WIFEXITED(status))
{
fprintf(stdout,"child did not exit normally\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
break;
}
exit(WEXITSTATUS(status));
}
9.4.7. Source
You require two other programs to get virtual mail working with Qmail.
They are virtmailfilter and virtmaildelivery. This is the C source to
virtmaildelivery. It should be installed in /usr/local/bin with
permissions 0755, user root, and group root.
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <time.h>
#define TEMP 111
#define BUFSIZE 8192
#define ATTEMPTS 10
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
char *user,*homedir,*dtline,*rpline,buffer[BUFSIZE],*p,mail[BUFSIZE];
char maildir[BUFSIZE],newmaildir[BUFSIZE],host[BUFSIZE];
int fd,n,nl,i,retval;
struct stat statp;
time_t thetime;
pid_t pid;
FILE *fp;
retval=0;
if (!argv[1])
{
fprintf(stdout,"invalid arguments: need username\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
user=argv[1];
if (!argv[2])
{
fprintf(stdout,"invalid arguments: need home directory\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
homedir=argv[2];
if (!(dtline=getenv("DTLINE")))
{
fprintf(stdout,"environment variable DTLINE not set\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
if (!(rpline=getenv("RPLINE")))
{
fprintf(stdout,"environment variable RPLINE not set\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
while (*homedir=='/')
homedir++;
snprintf(maildir,BUFSIZE,"%s/Maildir",homedir);
if (chdir(maildir)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"chdir failed: %s\n",maildir);
exit(TEMP);
}
time(&thetime);
pid=getpid();
if (gethostname(host,BUFSIZE)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"gethostname failed\n");
exit(TEMP);
}
for(i=0;i<ATTEMPTS;i++)
{
snprintf(mail,BUFSIZE,"tmp/%u.%d.%s",thetime,pid,host);
errno=0;
stat(mail,&statp);
if (errno==ENOENT)
break;
sleep(2);
time(&thetime);
}
if (i>=ATTEMPTS)
{
fprintf(stdout,"could not create %s\n",mail);
exit(TEMP);
}
if (!(fp=fopen(mail,"w+")))
{
fprintf(stdout,"fopen failed: %s\n",mail);
retval=TEMP; goto unlinkit;
}
fd=fileno(fp);
if (fprintf(fp,"%s",rpline)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"fprintf failed\n");
retval=TEMP; goto unlinkit;
}
if (fprintf(fp,"%s",dtline)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"fprintf failed\n");
retval=TEMP; goto unlinkit;
}
while(fgets(buffer,BUFSIZE,stdin))
{
for(p=buffer;*p=='>';p++)
;
if (!strncmp(p,"From ",5))
{
if (fputc('>',fp)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"fputc failed\n");
retval=TEMP; goto unlinkit;
}
}
if (fprintf(fp,"%s",buffer)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"fprintf failed\n");
retval=TEMP; goto unlinkit;
}
}
p=buffer+strlen(buffer);
nl=2;
if (*p=='\n')
nl=1;
for(n=0;n<nl;n++)
{
if (fputc('\n',fp)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"fputc failed\n");
retval=TEMP; goto unlinkit;
}
}
if (fsync(fd)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"fsync failed\n");
retval=TEMP; goto unlinkit;
}
if (fclose(fp)==EOF)
{
fprintf(stdout,"fclose failed\n");
retval=TEMP; goto unlinkit;
}
snprintf(newmaildir,BUFSIZE,"new/%u.%d.%s",thetime,pid,host);
if (link(mail,newmaildir)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"link failed: %s %s\n",mail,newmaildir);
retval=TEMP; goto unlinkit;
}
unlinkit:
if (unlink(mail)<0)
{
fprintf(stdout,"unlink failed: %s\n",mail);
retval=TEMP;
}
exit(retval);
}
9.5. Acknowledgement
Thank you Vicente Gonzalez (vince@nycrc.net) for helping make the
Qmail solution possible. You can certainly mail your thanks to Vince,
however all questions and comments including issues regarding Qmail,
about this HOWTO should continue to be directed to me.
10. Virtual Samba
10.1. Setup
Virtual SAMBA is very simple to install. Make sure that the following
files are setup properly:
· /virtual/domain1.com/etc/smb.conf FILE
· /virtual/domain1.com/var/lock/samba DIRECTORY
· /virtual/domain1.com/var/log DIRECTORY
· /usr/local/bin/virtsmbstatus SYMLINK /usr/local/bin/virtexec
10.2. Inetd
Edit /etc/inetd.conf
vi /etc/inetd.conf # Add this line
netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
virtuald /virtual/conf.smbd smbd
10.3. Smb.init
An smb.init file is not needed since the server is run through inetd.
11. Virtual Other
Any other service should be a similar procedure.
· Run virtfs to add the binaries and libraries to the virtual
filesystem.
· Add it to /etc/inetd.conf.
· Create a /virtual/conf.service file.
· Create any virtual scripts that need to be made.
12. Conclusion
Those are all the steps you need. Again mail any responses to Computer
Resource Center. If you have a question or an update to the document
let me know and I will add it.
The document has met with a very good response. I thank all the
people who sent me questions as they are helping to shape the document
to meet the needs of users everywhere. Before you ask a question I
urge you to read the FAQ to see if it has been already asked and
answered. Thanks again. Brian
13. FAQ
Q1. I created sendmail.init and syslogd.init. I put them in
/usr/local/bin and tried to run them but I got errors.
A1. These files are called init scripts. They are run by the program
init when your computer boots. They do not go with the /usr/local
binaries. Consult the Linux System Administrators Guide or the Linux
Getting Started Guide for information on how to use the init scripts
system.
Q2. I put these lines into /etc/sendmail.cf
divert(0)
VERSIONID(`tcpproto.mc')
OSTYPE(linux)
FEATURE(redirect)
FEATURE(always_add_domain)
FEATURE(use_cw_file)
FEATURE(local_procmail)
MAILER(local)
MAILER(smtp)
And I got really stange output. Why?
A2. You do not put these lines directly in /etc/sendmail.cf. The
sendmail.cf file was written to be easy for sendmail to understand and
hard for humans to read. Therefore, to make it easy to configure we
use a program called m4 and its macro capabilities to create the
sendmail.cf file. The FEATURE lines are actually macros that expand
to sendmail configuration statements. See the sendmail docs on how
to configure sendmail through this method. Also note that you create
a main /etc/sendmail.cf file and the virtfs script then copies this to
/virtual/domain1.com/etc/sendmail.cf. Then you edit that sendmail.cf
file to respond as your domain.
Q3. Where do I get virtuald, what is it, and how do I use it?
A3. Virtuald is C source that I wrote to run a virtual service. It is
included with this HOWTO. You compile it like a normal C program
make virtuald . The resulting binary is placed into /usr/local/bin.
Add lines to /etc/inetd.conf that use virtuald as a wrapper to a
normal network server program.
Q4. I do not have dialog installed on my system?
A4. Dialog is a program that allows you to put dialog pop up windows
into your shell scripts. It is required for my virtual shell script
examples to work. You can get a copy of dialog at sunsite. It
compiles very easily and should be no problem to install.
Q5. How can I know if virtual syslogd is working?
A5. When virtuald runs it should output the following messages to
syslogd (/var/log/messages):
Nov 19 17:21:07 virtual virtuald[10223]: Virtuald Starting: $Revision: 1.49 $
Nov 19 17:21:07 virtual virtuald[10223]: Incoming ip: 204.249.11.136
Nov 19 17:21:07 virtual virtuald[10223]: Chroot dir: /virtual/domain1.com
The Chroot dir message is sent by virtuald after the chroot system
call is performed. If this message appears virtual syslogd is
working. If the service you are virtualizing logs messages to
syslogd and you see them that is also a sign that virtual syslogd is
correctly setup.
Note that if you have not turned on the compile time option
VERBOSELOG, virtuald will not log at all. The only way to tell if
virtual syslogd is working at that point is if the daemon you are
virtualizing independently logs something to syslogd.
Q6. How can I setup quotas across virtual filesystems?
A6. You setup quotas like you would normally. See the Quota mini-
HOWTO. However, you have to make sure there are no uid conflicts
across domains. If there are conflicts you will have users sharing a
quota. Set aside a range of uid's that you know will have quota's
enabled and tell your domains that they cannot have any users in that
range except the ones registered to have a quota.
Q7. What is this \ notation in all the inetd.conf entries?
A7. That is just a method of breaking up config files across two
lines. I did that so the line would word wrap in a nice place. You
can just ignore the \ and join the two lines back together.
Q8. When I run passwd or other login programs I get permission
denied . When I run FTP or su I get no modules loaded for service
XXX . Why?
A8. Those are PAM error messages. I wrote these scripts before PAM
was out. My virtfs script does not copy /etc/pam.d,
/usr/lib/cracklib_dict.*, /lib/security or any of the other files PAM
requires. PAM needs these to function. If you edit my virtfs script
to copy these files the problem will go away.
Q9. Can virtuald work with tcpd hosts.allow and hosts.deny files?
A9. Yes it can with some modifications.
First the source has to be changed in two places.
This has to be inserted where the arguments are checked.
if (!argv[3])
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"invalid arguments: no program to run");
exit(0);
}
The exec line has to be changed from:
if (execvp(argv[2],argv+2)<0)
to:
if (execvp(argv[2],argv+3)<0)
Second the inetd.conf lines have to be changed from:
ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
virtuald /virtual/conf.ftp wu.ftpd -l -a
to:
ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/bin/virtuald \
virtuald /virtual/conf.ftp tcpd wu.ftpd -l -a
Third edit the /virtual/domain1.com/etc/hosts.allow and
/virtual/domain1.com/etc/hosts.deny files accordingly.
Q10. Can my virtual hosts run CGI's?
A10. Yes they can but I recommend putting the /cgi-bin in a place
outside of the chroot that only you have access to. For example,
/var/www/cgi-bin/domain1.com. Giving clients access to /cgi-bin is
giving them the opportunity to run programs on your sever. This is a
big security hole. Be careful. I do not let any cgi run on my
systems that I have not personally inspected for bugs.
Q11. My configuration files are different from your examples. What
do I do?
A11. There are two basic configuration styles: SystemV and BSD. The
examples provided in the HOWTO are based on SystemV style
configuration files. Virtual services works equally well on either
system. For information on BSD style configuration files consult the
origin of your distribution or the nearest LDP site.
Q12. I sent you mail and have not heard a response from you or your
response took a long time. Why?
A12. Probably because you did not put VIRTSERVICES HOWTO in your
subject header. Please bear in mind that I am a network administrator
and that among the other things I do in my 20 hour days is
administering my own virtual boxes and those of my clients. Mail that
is properly addressed is always responded to within two or three days.
Mail that is improperly addressed does not get filtered into my
VIRTSERVICES mailbox and can lie around unnoticed for days or weeks.
Q13. Does virtuald work under 100Mbit?
A13 The speed of the network card is unrelated to whether virtuald
will work or not. Try making sure that your server works under 10Mbit
and that your 100Mbit network card works normally without a virtual
server.
Q14. Should I use sendmail's virthost table?
A14. No. That is sendmail's feature to accept info for multiple
domains. Virtuald gives each sendmail its own separate chroot
environment. Install virtuald and then configure sendmail like you
would normally for each domain.
Q15. Can I setup virtual telnet on my machine? What about creating a
virtual root account so clients can administer their own domains?
A15. These questions come to me quite often and to be honest, I am
getting a bit tired of them. The answer, as stated numerous times in
the documentation, is that any service run through inetd can be
virtualized using virtuald so there is nothing to stop you from doing
either of the above. Nothing except common sense. Whatever benefits
you might derive from allowing telnet are heavily outweighed by the
cost to the virtual box (and thus the sites you are supposed to be
hosting in a responsible manner) in terms of security. Here are just
a few issues involved:
· In order to completely fool an incoming telnet session you have to
hack the kernel to get multiple procs working, reset your source IP
address for outgoing connections, fool gethostname so it uses the
virtual hostname and not the system hostname, etc. If you are an
advanced user then by all means hack the kernel. For the newbie I
do not recommend it.
· By allowing users to come into your box via telnet you allow them
to run arbitrary programs. Through known hacks you can get root
and cause damage to the system.
· Giving a root telnet account on a virtual box is very bad. A root
virtual user can still read raw device files which nullifies the
chroot , shutdown the system, and can kill other processes on the
system.
· The programs that these telnet sessions are running take up
valuable CPU time that the network services could be using.
· Telnet is an insecure network service. Plain text passwords are
sent out over the net. If a malicious user gets this password
he/she can use the above mentioned attacks to harm your system.
· Your virtual environments will have to be bigger. You will need
more shared libraries, more configuration files, and more binaries.
A six gigabyte disk can run out of space really fast.
The bottom line is that allowing login's on a virtual box is a really
bad idea. If permitted, every site hosted on that machine is at risk.
If you want to allow a site holder to administer users then you are
advised to write (not script) the code necessary to run the virtual
processes that allow them to add, delete or modify users upon login
through ssh. This should be completely menu driven, should never
allow a console and should not run as root. In order to accomplish
this you will have to change ownership of the pertinent files from
root to some other user. If done in this manner it is marginally safe
to incorporate into a virtual machine. There is never an acceptable
time to allow root login's either through telnet or ssh. Doing so is
simply an invitation to disaster. If there is an overwhelming reason
to run telnet then the site should be hosted on a dedicated machine
where the only risk is to the individual site. No responsible
administrator would ever do otherwise and so I will waste no more time
on this issue.
Q16. Is there an rpm, tar, web site, mailing list, etc. associated
with virtuald and the Virtual-Services HOWTO?
A16. Currently there is nothing like that available. This HOWTO is
the only source of information to everything I do concerning this
project. I find the HOWTO to be fairly self contained making the need
for other pieces of information superfluous.
Q17. When I try to run virtexec as a regular user I get chroot:
operation not permitted . Why?
A17. Chroot is a root restricted system call. Only the superuser
can execute it. The virtexec script runs the chroot program which
is why you need to be root in order to run it.
Q18. I setup pop and sendmail but popping mail does not seem to work.
How come?
A18. Some pop programs come with /usr/spool/mail as their place for
mail files. I know that qpop has to be manually editted to fix this.
Either recompile the source to your program or symlink
/virtual/domain1.com/usr/spool to /virtual/domain1.com/var/spool.
Q19. I did not use the program mentioned in your HOWTO, I used
program XXX. It does not work. Why?
A19. I tried to make sure to use the most generic of each server in
my examples. However, I know that everyone has their favorite version
of each server. Send me as much information as possible and I will
try to figure out how to solve your problem and document it in the
FAQ. The most important piece of information to send me is where to
get the version of the software you are running (in the form
ftp://ftp.domain1.com/subdir/subdir/file.tgz).
Q20. When I run virtexec is says symlink not a virt function . What
does this mean and how do I fix it?
A20. Virtexec is a program that will take its zero argument, strip
off the first four characters, and run the remaining name in the
virtual environment. For example, virtpasswd runs passwd. If the
first four characters that it strips off are not virt it complains
and outputs that error message. Virtexec is written in shell script
and should be fairly simple to follow. Refer to the manual pages on
bash or whatever shell you run for questions about shell script
programming.
Q21. I have a question about Qmail, SAMBA, Apache, etc. that is
unrelated to the virtuald setup or how the package interfaces to
virtuald.
A21. All the packages described here are fully documented. Some even
have full web sites like www.packagename.org dedicated to them.
Please consult them about questions dealing with the package that are
unrelated to their virtual hosting functionality.
Q22. I have several domain aliases to domain1.com but mail keeps
bouncing from the aliases. How come?
A22. Virtmaildelivery relies on the environment variables passed to
it to determine which /virtual/domain1.com directory to deliver to.
It does not perform any DNS lookups to determine the address of the
mail. However, if the address is submail.mail.domain1.com,
virtmaildelivery will first try that address and then mail.domain1.com
and then domain1.com and then com in that order until either a match
happens or there is no domain name left.
However, if you have domain aliases that are not subdomains of one
another you have to create symlinks like so:
cd /virtual
ln -s domain1.com domain1alias.com
That way virtmaildelivery will be fooled into thinking that both
directories exist even though one is a symlink and mail will be able
to be delivered to user@domain1.com or user@domain1alias.com. Note
that virtexec will list both of the domains in the dialog box when
your run it. You can choose either one since they will be the same
virtual filesystem.
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